fix(outbound): return error instead of silently redirecting to allowList[0] (#13578)

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Onboarding/CLI: restore terminal state without resuming paused `stdin`, so onboarding exits cleanly after choosing Web UI and the installer returns instead of appearing stuck.
 - macOS Voice Wake: fix a crash in trigger trimming for CJK/Unicode transcripts by matching and slicing on original-string ranges instead of transformed-string indices. (#11052) Thanks @Flash-LHR.
 - Heartbeat: prevent scheduler silent-death races during runner reloads, preserve retry cooldown backoff under wake bursts, and prioritize user/action wake causes over interval/retry reasons when coalescing. (#15108) Thanks @joeykrug.
+- Outbound targets: fail closed for WhatsApp/Twitch/Google Chat fallback paths so invalid or missing targets are dropped instead of rerouted, and align resolver hints with strict target requirements. (#13578) Thanks @mcaxtr.
 - Exec/Allowlist: allow multiline heredoc bodies (`<<`, `<<-`) while keeping multiline non-heredoc shell commands blocked, so exec approval parsing permits heredoc input safely without allowing general newline command chaining. (#13811) Thanks @mcaxtr.
 - Docs/Mermaid: remove hardcoded Mermaid init theme blocks from four docs diagrams so dark mode inherits readable theme defaults. (#15157) Thanks @heytulsiprasad.
 - Outbound/Threading: pass `replyTo` and `threadId` from `message send` tool actions through the core outbound send path to channel adapters, preserving thread/reply routing. (#14948) Thanks @mcaxtr.

extensions/googlechat/src/channel.ts

@@ -375,40 +375,23 @@ export const googlechatPlugin: ChannelPlugin<ResolvedGoogleChatAccount> = {
     chunker: (text, limit) => getGoogleChatRuntime().channel.text.chunkMarkdownText(text, limit),
     chunkerMode: "markdown",
     textChunkLimit: 4000,
-    resolveTarget: ({ to, allowFrom, mode }) => {
+    resolveTarget: ({ to }) => {
       const trimmed = to?.trim() ?? "";
-      const allowListRaw = (allowFrom ?? []).map((entry) => String(entry).trim()).filter(Boolean);
-      const allowList = allowListRaw
-        .filter((entry) => entry !== "*")
-        .map((entry) => normalizeGoogleChatTarget(entry))
-        .filter((entry): entry is string => Boolean(entry));
 
       if (trimmed) {
         const normalized = normalizeGoogleChatTarget(trimmed);
         if (!normalized) {
-          if ((mode === "implicit" || mode === "heartbeat") && allowList.length > 0) {
-            return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-          }
           return {
             ok: false,
-            error: missingTargetError(
+            error: missingTargetError("Google Chat", "<spaces/{space}|users/{user}>"),
-              "Google Chat",
-              "<spaces/{space}|users/{user}> or channels.googlechat.dm.allowFrom[0]",
-            ),
           };
         }
         return { ok: true, to: normalized };
       }
 
-      if (allowList.length > 0) {
-        return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-      }
       return {
         ok: false,
-        error: missingTargetError(
+        error: missingTargetError("Google Chat", "<spaces/{space}|users/{user}>"),
-          "Google Chat",
-          "<spaces/{space}|users/{user}> or channels.googlechat.dm.allowFrom[0]",
-        ),
       };
     },
     sendText: async ({ cfg, to, text, accountId, replyToId, threadId }) => {

extensions/googlechat/src/resolve-target.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk", () => ({
+  getChatChannelMeta: () => ({ id: "googlechat", label: "Google Chat" }),
+  missingTargetError: (provider: string, hint: string) =>
+    new Error(`Delivering to ${provider} requires target ${hint}`),
+  GoogleChatConfigSchema: {},
+  DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID: "default",
+  PAIRING_APPROVED_MESSAGE: "Approved",
+  applyAccountNameToChannelSection: vi.fn(),
+  buildChannelConfigSchema: vi.fn(),
+  deleteAccountFromConfigSection: vi.fn(),
+  formatPairingApproveHint: vi.fn(),
+  migrateBaseNameToDefaultAccount: vi.fn(),
+  normalizeAccountId: vi.fn(),
+  resolveChannelMediaMaxBytes: vi.fn(),
+  resolveGoogleChatGroupRequireMention: vi.fn(),
+  setAccountEnabledInConfigSection: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./accounts.js", () => ({
+  listGoogleChatAccountIds: vi.fn(),
+  resolveDefaultGoogleChatAccountId: vi.fn(),
+  resolveGoogleChatAccount: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./actions.js", () => ({
+  googlechatMessageActions: [],
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./api.js", () => ({
+  sendGoogleChatMessage: vi.fn(),
+  uploadGoogleChatAttachment: vi.fn(),
+  probeGoogleChat: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./monitor.js", () => ({
+  resolveGoogleChatWebhookPath: vi.fn(),
+  startGoogleChatMonitor: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./onboarding.js", () => ({
+  googlechatOnboardingAdapter: {},
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./runtime.js", () => ({
+  getGoogleChatRuntime: vi.fn(() => ({
+    channel: {
+      text: { chunkMarkdownText: vi.fn() },
+    },
+  })),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./targets.js", () => ({
+  normalizeGoogleChatTarget: (raw?: string | null) => {
+    if (!raw?.trim()) return undefined;
+    if (raw === "invalid-target") return undefined;
+    const trimmed = raw.trim().replace(/^(googlechat|google-chat|gchat):/i, "");
+    if (trimmed.startsWith("spaces/")) return trimmed;
+    if (trimmed.includes("@")) return `users/${trimmed.toLowerCase()}`;
+    return `users/${trimmed}`;
+  },
+  isGoogleChatUserTarget: (value: string) => value.startsWith("users/"),
+  isGoogleChatSpaceTarget: (value: string) => value.startsWith("spaces/"),
+  resolveGoogleChatOutboundSpace: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+import { googlechatPlugin } from "./channel.js";
+
+const resolveTarget = googlechatPlugin.outbound!.resolveTarget!;
+
+describe("googlechat resolveTarget", () => {
+  it("should resolve valid target", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "spaces/AAA",
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.to).toBe("spaces/AAA");
+  });
+
+  it("should resolve email target", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "user@example.com",
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.to).toBe("users/user@example.com");
+  });
+
+  it("should error on normalization failure with allowlist (implicit mode)", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "invalid-target",
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["spaces/BBB"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should error when no target provided with allowlist", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: undefined,
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["spaces/BBB"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should error when no target and no allowlist", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: undefined,
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should handle whitespace-only target", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "   ",
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+});

extensions/twitch/src/outbound.test.ts

@@ -108,15 +108,15 @@ describe("outbound", () => {
       expect(result.to).toBe("allowed");
     });
 
-    it("should fallback to first allowlist entry when target not in list", () => {
+    it("should error when target not in allowlist (implicit mode)", () => {
       const result = twitchOutbound.resolveTarget({
         to: "#notallowed",
         mode: "implicit",
         allowFrom: ["#primary", "#secondary"],
       });
 
-      expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
-      expect(result.to).toBe("primary");
+      expect(result.error).toContain("Twitch");
     });
 
     it("should accept any target when allowlist is empty", () => {
@@ -130,15 +130,15 @@ describe("outbound", () => {
       expect(result.to).toBe("anychannel");
     });
 
-    it("should use first allowlist entry when no target provided", () => {
+    it("should error when no target provided with allowlist", () => {
       const result = twitchOutbound.resolveTarget({
         to: undefined,
         mode: "implicit",
         allowFrom: ["#fallback", "#other"],
       });
 
-      expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
-      expect(result.to).toBe("fallback");
+      expect(result.error).toContain("Twitch");
     });
 
     it("should return error when no target and no allowlist", () => {
@@ -163,6 +163,17 @@ describe("outbound", () => {
       expect(result.error).toContain("Missing target");
     });
 
+    it("should error when target normalizes to empty string", () => {
+      const result = twitchOutbound.resolveTarget({
+        to: "#",
+        mode: "explicit",
+        allowFrom: [],
+      });
+
+      expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.error).toContain("Twitch");
+    });
+
     it("should filter wildcard from allowlist when checking membership", () => {
       const result = twitchOutbound.resolveTarget({
         to: "#mychannel",

extensions/twitch/src/outbound.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ export const twitchOutbound: ChannelOutboundAdapter = {
     // If target is provided, normalize and validate it
     if (trimmed) {
       const normalizedTo = normalizeTwitchChannel(trimmed);
+      if (!normalizedTo) {
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          error: missingTargetError("Twitch", "<channel-name>"),
+        };
+      }
 
       // For implicit/heartbeat modes with allowList, check against allowlist
       if (mode === "implicit" || mode === "heartbeat") {
@@ -63,26 +69,22 @@ export const twitchOutbound: ChannelOutboundAdapter = {
         if (allowList.includes(normalizedTo)) {
           return { ok: true, to: normalizedTo };
         }
-        // Fallback to first allowFrom entry
+        return {
-        return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
+          ok: false,
+          error: missingTargetError("Twitch", "<channel-name>"),
+        };
       }
 
       // For explicit mode, accept any valid channel name
       return { ok: true, to: normalizedTo };
     }
 
-    // No target provided, use allowFrom fallback
+    // No target provided - error
-    if (allowList.length > 0) {
-      return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-    }
 
     // No target and no allowFrom - error
     return {
       ok: false,
-      error: missingTargetError(
+      error: missingTargetError("Twitch", "<channel-name>"),
-        "Twitch",
-        "<channel-name> or channels.twitch.accounts.<account>.allowFrom[0]",
-      ),
     };
   },
 

extensions/whatsapp/src/channel.ts

@@ -301,15 +301,9 @@ export const whatsappPlugin: ChannelPlugin<ResolvedWhatsAppAccount> = {
       if (trimmed) {
         const normalizedTo = normalizeWhatsAppTarget(trimmed);
         if (!normalizedTo) {
-          if ((mode === "implicit" || mode === "heartbeat") && allowList.length > 0) {
-            return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-          }
           return {
             ok: false,
-            error: missingTargetError(
+            error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID>"),
-              "WhatsApp",
-              "<E.164|group JID> or channels.whatsapp.allowFrom[0]",
-            ),
           };
         }
         if (isWhatsAppGroupJid(normalizedTo)) {
@@ -322,20 +316,16 @@ export const whatsappPlugin: ChannelPlugin<ResolvedWhatsAppAccount> = {
           if (allowList.includes(normalizedTo)) {
             return { ok: true, to: normalizedTo };
           }
-          return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
+          return {
+            ok: false,
+            error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID>"),
+          };
         }
         return { ok: true, to: normalizedTo };
       }
-
-      if (allowList.length > 0) {
-        return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-      }
       return {
         ok: false,
-        error: missingTargetError(
+        error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID>"),
-          "WhatsApp",
-          "<E.164|group JID> or channels.whatsapp.allowFrom[0]",
-        ),
       };
     },
     sendText: async ({ to, text, accountId, deps, gifPlayback }) => {

extensions/whatsapp/src/resolve-target.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+vi.mock("openclaw/plugin-sdk", () => ({
+  getChatChannelMeta: () => ({ id: "whatsapp", label: "WhatsApp" }),
+  normalizeWhatsAppTarget: (value: string) => {
+    if (value === "invalid-target") return null;
+    // Simulate E.164 normalization: strip leading + and whatsapp: prefix
+    const stripped = value.replace(/^whatsapp:/i, "").replace(/^\+/, "");
+    return stripped.includes("@g.us") ? stripped : `${stripped}@s.whatsapp.net`;
+  },
+  isWhatsAppGroupJid: (value: string) => value.endsWith("@g.us"),
+  missingTargetError: (provider: string, hint: string) =>
+    new Error(`Delivering to ${provider} requires target ${hint}`),
+  WhatsAppConfigSchema: {},
+  whatsappOnboardingAdapter: {},
+  resolveWhatsAppHeartbeatRecipients: vi.fn(),
+  buildChannelConfigSchema: vi.fn(),
+  collectWhatsAppStatusIssues: vi.fn(),
+  createActionGate: vi.fn(),
+  DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID: "default",
+  escapeRegExp: vi.fn(),
+  formatPairingApproveHint: vi.fn(),
+  listWhatsAppAccountIds: vi.fn(),
+  listWhatsAppDirectoryGroupsFromConfig: vi.fn(),
+  listWhatsAppDirectoryPeersFromConfig: vi.fn(),
+  looksLikeWhatsAppTargetId: vi.fn(),
+  migrateBaseNameToDefaultAccount: vi.fn(),
+  normalizeAccountId: vi.fn(),
+  normalizeE164: vi.fn(),
+  normalizeWhatsAppMessagingTarget: vi.fn(),
+  readStringParam: vi.fn(),
+  resolveDefaultWhatsAppAccountId: vi.fn(),
+  resolveWhatsAppAccount: vi.fn(),
+  resolveWhatsAppGroupRequireMention: vi.fn(),
+  resolveWhatsAppGroupToolPolicy: vi.fn(),
+  applyAccountNameToChannelSection: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./runtime.js", () => ({
+  getWhatsAppRuntime: vi.fn(() => ({
+    channel: {
+      text: { chunkText: vi.fn() },
+      whatsapp: {
+        sendMessageWhatsApp: vi.fn(),
+        createLoginTool: vi.fn(),
+      },
+    },
+  })),
+}));
+
+import { whatsappPlugin } from "./channel.js";
+
+const resolveTarget = whatsappPlugin.outbound!.resolveTarget!;
+
+describe("whatsapp resolveTarget", () => {
+  it("should resolve valid target in explicit mode", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "5511999999999",
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.to).toBe("5511999999999@s.whatsapp.net");
+  });
+
+  it("should resolve target in implicit mode with wildcard", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "5511999999999",
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["*"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.to).toBe("5511999999999@s.whatsapp.net");
+  });
+
+  it("should resolve target in implicit mode when in allowlist", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "5511999999999",
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["5511999999999"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.to).toBe("5511999999999@s.whatsapp.net");
+  });
+
+  it("should allow group JID regardless of allowlist", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "120363123456789@g.us",
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["5511999999999"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.to).toBe("120363123456789@g.us");
+  });
+
+  it("should error when target not in allowlist (implicit mode)", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "5511888888888",
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["5511999999999", "5511777777777"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should error on normalization failure with allowlist (implicit mode)", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "invalid-target",
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["5511999999999"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should error when no target provided with allowlist", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: undefined,
+      mode: "implicit",
+      allowFrom: ["5511999999999"],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should error when no target and no allowlist", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: undefined,
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it("should handle whitespace-only target", () => {
+    const result = resolveTarget({
+      to: "   ",
+      mode: "explicit",
+      allowFrom: [],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.error).toBeDefined();
+  });
+});

src/channels/plugins/outbound/whatsapp.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { whatsappOutbound } from "./whatsapp.js";
+
+describe("whatsappOutbound.resolveTarget", () => {
+  it("returns error when no target is provided even with allowFrom", () => {
+    const result = whatsappOutbound.resolveTarget?.({
+      to: undefined,
+      allowFrom: ["+15551234567"],
+      mode: "implicit",
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      ok: false,
+      error: expect.any(Error),
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("returns error when implicit target is not in allowFrom", () => {
+    const result = whatsappOutbound.resolveTarget?.({
+      to: "+15550000000",
+      allowFrom: ["+15551234567"],
+      mode: "implicit",
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      ok: false,
+      error: expect.any(Error),
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps group JID targets even when allowFrom does not contain them", () => {
+    const result = whatsappOutbound.resolveTarget?.({
+      to: "120363401234567890@g.us",
+      allowFrom: ["+15551234567"],
+      mode: "implicit",
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      ok: true,
+      to: "120363401234567890@g.us",
+    });
+  });
+});

src/channels/plugins/outbound/whatsapp.ts

@@ -23,15 +23,9 @@ export const whatsappOutbound: ChannelOutboundAdapter = {
     if (trimmed) {
       const normalizedTo = normalizeWhatsAppTarget(trimmed);
       if (!normalizedTo) {
-        if ((mode === "implicit" || mode === "heartbeat") && allowList.length > 0) {
-          return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-        }
         return {
           ok: false,
-          error: missingTargetError(
+          error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID>"),
-            "WhatsApp",
-            "<E.164|group JID> or channels.whatsapp.allowFrom[0]",
-          ),
         };
       }
       if (isWhatsAppGroupJid(normalizedTo)) {
@@ -44,17 +38,17 @@ export const whatsappOutbound: ChannelOutboundAdapter = {
         if (allowList.includes(normalizedTo)) {
           return { ok: true, to: normalizedTo };
         }
-        return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
+        return {
+          ok: false,
+          error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID>"),
+        };
       }
       return { ok: true, to: normalizedTo };
     }
 
-    if (allowList.length > 0) {
-      return { ok: true, to: allowList[0] };
-    }
     return {
       ok: false,
-      error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID> or channels.whatsapp.allowFrom[0]"),
+      error: missingTargetError("WhatsApp", "<E.164|group JID>"),
     };
   },
   sendText: async ({ to, text, accountId, deps, gifPlayback }) => {

src/infra/heartbeat-runner.returns-default-unset.test.ts

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ describe("resolveHeartbeatDeliveryTarget", () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it("applies allowFrom fallback for WhatsApp targets", () => {
+  it("rejects WhatsApp target not in allowFrom (no silent fallback)", () => {
     const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
       agents: { defaults: { heartbeat: { target: "whatsapp", to: "+1999" } } },
       channels: { whatsapp: { allowFrom: ["+1555", "+1666"] } },
@@ -209,9 +209,8 @@ describe("resolveHeartbeatDeliveryTarget", () => {
       lastTo: "+1222",
     };
     expect(resolveHeartbeatDeliveryTarget({ cfg, entry })).toEqual({
-      channel: "whatsapp",
+      channel: "none",
-      to: "+1555",
+      reason: "no-target",
-      reason: "allowFrom-fallback",
       accountId: undefined,
       lastChannel: "whatsapp",
       lastAccountId: undefined,

src/infra/outbound/targets.test.ts

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe("resolveOutboundTarget", () => {
     );
   });
 
-  it("falls back to whatsapp allowFrom via config", () => {
+  it("rejects whatsapp with empty target even when allowFrom configured", () => {
     const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
       channels: { whatsapp: { allowFrom: ["+1555"] } },
     };
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ describe("resolveOutboundTarget", () => {
       cfg,
       mode: "explicit",
     });
-    expect(res).toEqual({ ok: true, to: "+1555" });
+    expect(res.ok).toBe(false);
+    if (!res.ok) {
+      expect(res.error.message).toContain("WhatsApp");
+    }
   });
 
   it.each([
@@ -49,18 +52,18 @@ describe("resolveOutboundTarget", () => {
       expected: { ok: true as const, to: "120363401234567890@g.us" },
     },
     {
-      name: "falls back to whatsapp allowFrom",
+      name: "rejects whatsapp with empty target and allowFrom (no silent fallback)",
       input: { channel: "whatsapp" as const, to: "", allowFrom: ["+1555"] },
-      expected: { ok: true as const, to: "+1555" },
+      expectedErrorIncludes: "WhatsApp",
     },
     {
-      name: "normalizes whatsapp allowFrom fallback targets",
+      name: "rejects whatsapp with empty target and prefixed allowFrom (no silent fallback)",
       input: {
         channel: "whatsapp" as const,
         to: "",
         allowFrom: ["whatsapp:(555) 123-4567"],
       },
-      expected: { ok: true as const, to: "+5551234567" },
+      expectedErrorIncludes: "WhatsApp",
     },
     {
       name: "rejects invalid whatsapp target",